Organoids: Past Learning and Future Directions

Abstract excerpt

Preclinical medical research has historically depended on either traditional two-dimensional in vitro cell culture or animal models for the purposes of disease modeling, including cancer pathophysiology, immunology studies, drug testing, and toxicity assays. However, both of these models have intrinsic flaws. Two-dimensional cell culture systems do not capture the heterogeneity of in vivo disease, being...

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