Oxygen and lack of oxygen in fetal and placental development, feto–placental coupling, and congenital heart defects

Abstract excerpt

Low oxygen concentration (hypoxia) is part of normal embryonic development, yet the situation is complex. Oxygen (O2) is a janus gas with low levels signaling through hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor (HIF) that are required for development of fetal and placental vasculature and fetal red blood cells. This results in coupling of fetus and mother around midgestation as a functional feto‐placental unit (FPU)...

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