Article
Is There Causal Relationship of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Bone Mineral Density? A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Calcified tissue international - 1 Nov 2018
Guo Ran, Wu Lang, Fu Qin
Abstract excerpt
Observational studies examining associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with bone mineral density (BMD) have generated inconsistent results and suffer from several methodological limitations. We aim to evaluate whether there are causal associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMD using a Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Genetic variants associated with smoking status (n = 142), no. of...
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