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Article

Differences in risk factors for second and third degree hypospadias in the national birth defects prevention study.

Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology - 1 Sept 2014

Woud Sander Groen In 't, van Rooij Iris A L M, van Gelder Marleen M H J, Olney Richard S, Carmichael Suzan L, Roeleveld Nel, Reefhuis Jennita

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Hypospadias is a frequent birth defect with three phenotypic subtypes. With data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large, multi-state, population-based, case-control study, we compared risk factors for second and third degree hypospadias. METHODS: A wide variety of data on maternal and pregnancy-related risk factors for isolated second and third degree hypospadias was collected by...

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Identifiers

PMID: 25181604
DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23296
PMCID: PMC4591539

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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