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Article

The phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder.

European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology - 1 May 2004

Alda Martin

Abstract excerpt

Many findings that seem to be inconsistent in bipolar disorder research could be explained by heterogeneity of the illness and by imprecise diagnostic boundaries. This review of published data finds support for the existence of three main subtypes of bipolar disorder: (1) classical, (2) psychosis spectrum and (3) 'characterological'. These differ with respect to clinical presentation and course of illness, family...

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Identifiers

PMID: 15142614
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.03.006

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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