Phylogenetic analysis shows that the OXA beta-lactamase genes have been on plasmids for millions of years.

Abstract excerpt

The OXA genes encode a class of beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. To determine whether the diversity of the OXA beta-lactamases is the result of recent or ancient events, and to determine whether mobilization of the OXA genes from chromosomes to plasmids occurred recently or long ago, we have constructed a Bayesian phylogeny of the OXA beta-lactamase genes....

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