Causal association and shared mechanisms between Graves' disease and prostate cancer: insights from Mendelian randomization, machine learning, and comprehensive bioinformatics.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Observational studies link hyperthyroidism to increased prostate cancer (PCa) risk, but causality and mechanisms remain unclear. Graves' disease (GD), the primary cause of hyperthyroidism, involves chronic immune dysregulation that may influence PCa through shared immune pathways. METHODS: We performed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using IEU Open GWAS data, then integrated...

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