Article
North American perspective on the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b outbreak (November 2021-March 2025).
Canadian journal of microbiology - 1 Jan 2026
Giacinti Jolene, Signore Anthony V, Torchetti Mia, Valdez-Gómez Hector Enrique, Alcazar-Ramiro Carlos Javier, Berhane Yohannes, Bevins Sarah, Dilione Krista, Joly Damien O, Solís-Hernández Mario, Thompson Trevor, Zalapa-Hernández Mitzunari
Abstract excerpt
Influenza A (H5Nx) highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b were first detected in North America in late 2021, initiating a multi-year outbreak unprecedented in geographic extent, duration, and host range. Surveillance conducted across Canada, the United States, and Mexico has documented widespread detections in wild birds and poultry, and repeated spillover into wild and domestic mammals....
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