VEGFR-1 blockade with the monoclonal antibody D16F7 counteracts VEGF-A-induced tolerogenic and immune regulatory phenotypes without impairing T-cell activation.

Abstract excerpt

OBJECTIVE: VEGF-A exerts complex immunomodulatory effects that foster an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, including impaired dendritic cell (DC) maturation, expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and induction of T-cell exhaustion, while transiently enhancing effector T-cell responses. This dual activity underscores the need to clarify the immunosuppressive versus immunostimulatory consequences of...

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