Elucidating the causal relationship between gut microbiota, metabolites, and diabetic nephropathy in European patients: Revelations from genome-wide bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract excerpt

Objective: Previous observational studies suggest a potential link between gut microbiota, metabolites, and diabetic nephropathy. However, the exact causal relationship among these factors remains unclear. Method: We conducted a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study using summary statistics from the IEU OpenGWAS Project database to investigate gut microbiota, metabolites, and diabetic...

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