No evidence for a causal contribution of bioavailable testosterone to ADHD in sex-combined and sex-specific two-sample Mendelian randomization studies.

Abstract excerpt

The higher prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in males raises the question of whether testosterone is implicated in ADHD risk. However, cross-sectional studies did not identify an association between ADHD and testosterone levels. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies can overcome limitations inherent to association studies, especially of reverse causation and residual confounding. In the...

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