Assessment of the association between genetic factors regulating thyroid function and microvascular complications in diabetes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study in the European population

Abstract excerpt

Background: Observational studies have identified a possible link between thyroid function and diabetic microangiopathy, specifically in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, it is unclear whether this association reflects a causal relationship. Objective: To assess the potential direct effect of thyroid characteristics on DKD and DR based on Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods:...

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