The mediating roles of the oral microbiome in saliva and subgingival sites between e-cigarette smoking and gingival inflammation

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been widely used by young individuals in the U.S. while being considered less harmful than conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, ECs have increasingly been regarded as a health risk, producing detrimental chemicals that may cause, combined with poor oral hygiene, substantial inflammation in gingival and subgingival sites. In this paper, we first report that EC...

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