Education plays a crucial role in the pathway from poverty to smoking: a Mendelian randomization study.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Disproportionately high rates of smoking have been found in low-income communities, but the causal direction and role of education in this relationship remains less well understood. Here, we used bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) to measure the causal relationships between smoking, income and education. DESIGN: Two-sample univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted to...

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