Using Negative Control Outcomes and Difference-in-Differences Analysis to Estimate Treatment Effects in an Entirely Treated Cohort: The Effect of Ivacaftor in Cystic Fibrosis.

Abstract excerpt

When an entire cohort of patients receives a treatment, it is difficult to estimate the treatment effect in the treated because there are no directly comparable untreated patients. Attempts can be made to find a suitable control group (e.g., historical controls), but underlying differences between the treated and untreated can result in bias. Here we show how negative control outcomes combined with...

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