Article
Does smoking cause lower educational attainment and general cognitive ability? Triangulation of causal evidence using multiple study designs.
Psychological medicine - 1 Jun 2022
Gage Suzanne H, Sallis Hannah M, Lassi Glenda, Wootton Robyn E, Mokrysz Claire, Davey Smith George, Munafò Marcus R
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Observational studies have found associations between smoking and both poorer cognitive ability and lower educational attainment; however, evaluating causality is challenging. We used two complementary methods to explore this. METHODS: We conducted observational analyses of up to 12 004 participants in a cohort study (Study One) and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using summary and cohort data...
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