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Article

Whither the genotype-phenotype relationship? An historical and methodological appraisal.

American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics - 1 Sept 2017

Fisch Gene S

Abstract excerpt

More than a century ago, Wilhelm Johannsen proposed the terms "genotype" and "phenotype" to study heredity. Much of what we know about genetics and behavior has evolved since then, especially how causality from genotypes can be inferred from observational studies of phenotypes. Unfortunately, there are genotypes that produce complex clinical-behavioral phenotypes-pleiotropy. In addition, there are often many...

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PMID: 28834162
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31571

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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