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Article

Convergent evolution of caffeine in plants by co-option of exapted ancestral enzymes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - 20 Sept 2016

Huang Ruiqi, O'Donnell Andrew J, Barboline Jessica J, Barkman Todd J

Abstract excerpt

Convergent evolution is a process that has occurred throughout the tree of life, but the historical genetic and biochemical context promoting the repeated independent origins of a trait is rarely understood. The well-known stimulant caffeine, and its xanthine alkaloid precursors, has evolved multiple times in flowering plant history for various roles in plant defense and pollination. We have shown that convergent...

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Identifiers

PMID: 27638206
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602575113
PMCID: PMC5035902

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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