The effect of cigarette smoke on fertilization and pre-implantation development: assessment using animal models, clinical data, and stem cells

Abstract excerpt

Numerous studies have repeatedly shown that women who smoke experience problems establishing and maintaining pregnancies, and recent work has further demonstrated that the in utero effects of smoke may not be manifested until months or even years after birth. The purpose of this review is to examine the recent literature dealing with the effects of cigarette smoke on the earliest stages of human prenatal...

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