Intraspecific trait cospecialization of constitutive and inducible morphological defences in a marine snail from habitats with different predation risk.

Abstract excerpt

1. Studies examining the integration of constitutive and inducible aspects of multivariate defensive phenotypes are rare. 2. I asked whether marine snails (Nucella lamellosa) from habitats with and without abundant predatory crabs differed in constitutive and inducible aspects of defensive shell morphology. 3. I examined multivariate shell shape development of snails from each habitat in the presence and absence...

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