Human rhinovirus recognition in non-immune cells is mediated by<i>Toll</i>-like receptors and MDA-5, which trigger a synergetic pro-inflammatory immune response

Abstract excerpt

The early detection of invading viruses by the host depends on their identification by pathogen sensors. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as cytoplasmic RNA helicases such as retinoic acid inducible protein I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA-5). These pathogen sensors recognize specific molecular patterns found in viruses and trigger inflammatory and antiviral responses...

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