Proximate and evolutionary causation of endothelial heterogeneity.

Abstract excerpt

Endothelial phenotypes display remarkable heterogeneity in structure and function, in time and space, and in health and disease. As a biological trait, phenotypic heterogeneity has evolutionary and proximate explanations. Here we introduce concepts of evolutionary biology, evolutionary developmental biology, developmental plasticity, and homeostasis toward understanding mechanisms of endothelial heterogeneity. We...

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