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Article

Genetic and environmental contributions to strabismus and phoria: evidence from twins.

Vision research - 1 Oct 2009

Wilmer Jeremy B, Backus Benjamin T

Abstract excerpt

The causes of manifest (strabismus) and latent (phoria) misalignment of the visual axes are incompletely understood. We calculated genetic and environmental contributions to strabismus based upon a critical review and quantitative meta-analysis of previous strabismus twin studies (n=3418 twin pairs) and calculated contributions to phoria based upon a new twin study (n=307 twin pairs). Our results suggest that...

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Identifiers

PMID: 19679148
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.006
PMCID: PMC2757458

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 5 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-05.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 5 Sept 2026.

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