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Article

Fixed and modifiable risk factors for breast cancer.

International journal of clinical practice - 1 Oct 2001

Fentiman I S

Abstract excerpt

Likely pathogenesis of breast cancer is in two phases, initiation and promotion. Initiating factors include ionising irradiation, dietary factors and possibly alcohol consumption causing DNA mutations uncorrected by repair mechanisms. Subsequent promotional factors include exposure to oestrogens, reduced by late menarche, early pregnancy and lactation and increased by nulliparity, oral contraceptive use and...

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PMID: 11695073

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BRCA1
BRCA2

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

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