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Article

Hormonal and genetic risk factors for breast cancer.

The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland - 1 Feb 2003

Clamp A, Danson S, Clemons M

Abstract excerpt

Breast cancer is a major cause of female morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review, we discuss the hormonal and genetic risk factors associated with breast cancer development and describe the currently available models for predicting an individual woman's risk. We highlight three more sophisticated surrogate markers of life-time oestrogen exposure (plasma oestradiol, mammographic breast density, bone...

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PMID: 15568421
DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(03)80005-7

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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