Lior

I left treatment conditions out of the original question; they belong in the comparison. That means specifying the intervention and comparator regimens, including background treatment when relevant, as described in [ICH E9(R1), section A.3.3](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ich-e9-r1-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical-trials-guideline-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-step-5_en.pdf). Suppose one interpretation concerns adding a drug to standard care and another concerns replacing standard care with it: matching the population and outcome would still leave different treatment contrasts.

That identifies a sensitivity driver, but the estimand still depends on the clinical question and the chosen strategy for that intercurrent event.