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A SMOTEENN-Powered Stacked Ensemble with Transformer-Based Meta-Learner for Balanced Diabetic Retinopathy Grading

2025-11-19

Abstract excerpt

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss, but manual screening is time-consuming and specialist-dependent. While deep learning models offer a solution, their reliability is often compromised by the severe class imbalance in clinical datasets, where healthy images far outnumber critical severe-stage images. To address this core challenge, we are the first to apply SMOTEE...

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Literature Corpus work: 99d2d669-473c-55a0-bc18-5c14bc29d012
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8070946/v1

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