Article

A Comparative Survey of Large Language Models: Foundation, Instruction-Tuned, and Multimodal Variants

2025-06-13

Abstract excerpt

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has transformed natural language processing, enabling machines to perform complex language understanding, generation, and reasoning tasks with unprecedented fluency and adaptability. This survey presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three major classes of LLMs: foundation models, instruction-tuned models, and multimodal variants. We first define and co...

Topics

Open a Topic to create a Post that cites this publication.

Uncategorized literature

Identifiers and source

Literature Corpus work: 95fcd6c4-1a4d-5249-b3e4-982f14331262
DOI: 10.20944/preprints202506.1134.v1

Open publication

Related research

Semantic proximity does not establish scientific evidence.

Click a neighbor to travelStep 1 · 12 closest

A Comparative Survey of Large Language Models: Foundation, Instruction-Tuned, and Multimodal VariantsDOI 10.20944/preprints202506.1134.v1Read

A Review of Multimodal Vision–Language Models: Foundations, Applications, and Future DirectionsSemantic proximity Read

A Review of Multimodal Vision-Language Models: Foundations, Applications, and Future DirectionsSemantic proximity Read

A Survey on Post-Training of Multimodal Large Language ModelsSemantic proximity Read

SuperGLUE: The AI raceSemantic proximity Read

Engineering A Large Language Model From ScratchSemantic proximity Read

Vision–Language Foundation Models and Multimodal Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Architectures, Benchmarks, and Open ChallengesSemantic proximity Read

Vision–Language Foundation Models and Multimodal Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey of Architectures, Benchmarks, and Open ChallengesSemantic proximity Read

Unified Efficient Fine-Tuning Techniques for Open-Source Large Language ModelsSemantic proximity Read

Basics of Large Language Models - transformers to LLMsSemantic proximity Read

Multimodal Vision Language Models in Interactive and Physical EnvironmentsSemantic proximity Read

Bridging Finance and AI: A Comprehensive Survey of Large Language Models in Financial ApplicationsSemantic proximity Read

Optimizing Large Language Model Scaling with Micro Batch Pipeline and Inference ParallelismSemantic proximity Read