Article

Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Extrinsic Stains Caused by Chromogenic Bacteria: Case Series

2025-05-07

Abstract excerpt

<h4>Background: </h4> /Objectives: Black extrinsic stains (BS) on tooth surfaces are caused by chromogenic bacteria and iron accumulation in oral tissues. These stains often gener-ate aesthetic complaints and psychological impact, particularly in pediatric patients, as they are more prevalent during childhood and less common in adults. Notably, BS are inversely associated with caries prevalence. Standard treatment...

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Literature Corpus work: 78fda7ab-f05b-5c6b-b375-f5279bef11b9
DOI: 10.20944/preprints202505.0391.v1

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