Presence of localized elevated metabolic enzymes and kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene indicate early evidence of resistance of Phlebotomus argentipes to alpha-cypermethrin in Bihar, India.

Abstract excerpt

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania donovani and transmitted by Phlebotomus argentipes, remains a major public health challenge in the Indian subcontinent. Sand fly populations are controlled by using different insecticides, particularly dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids such as alpha-cypermethrin. Prolonged and irregular use of these insecticides raises concern about the...

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