Among-trait covariance and cross-year repeatability for direct and indirect individual effects in producer-scrounger behaviour in wild house sparrows.

Abstract excerpt

Variation in traits expressed during social interactions can be attributed to direct individual effects (DIEs) of the focal individual's identity and indirect individual effects (IIEs) of social partner identity. When of genetic origin and covarying with direct effects, indirect effects affect the expressed variation upon which selection can act; this can explain why evolution is slower or faster than predicted...

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• Behavior, Animal
• Phenotype
• Social Behavior
• Sparrows