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Mass mortalities caused by different genotypes of HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in colony breeding Black-headed Gulls and Sandwich Terns in Denmark 2022 and 2023.

Canadian journal of microbiology - 1 Jan 2026

Hjulsager Charlotte Kristiane, Liang Yuan, Thorup Casper, Larsen Lars Erik, Jensen Tim Kåre, Breum Solvej, Bregnballe Thomas

Abstract excerpt

Unprecedented seabird mass mortality events (MMEs) were reported in multiple European countries in 2022 and 2023. These events were attributed to Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In Denmark, populations of Sandwich Terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) were significantly impacted. Sandwich Tern mortality occurred primarily...

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PMID: 41518672
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2025-0182

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