Article
Food-induced phenotypic plasticity in echinoid larvae is inducible and reversible throughout development.
BMC biology - 21 Nov 2025
Lee Ariana, Villafuerte Isabel, Kasem Sarah, Nguyen Ethan, Pernet Bruno, Pace Douglas A
Abstract excerpt
BACKGROUND: Echinoid larvae are known to display food-induced phenotypic plasticity, where larvae alter their morphology and physiology to reflect available food levels. The aim of this study was to describe the induction and reversal of morphological and physiological plasticity through the entirety of larval development of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus. RESULTS: When larvae fed a low algal ration were...
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