Seminal Plasma Exosomes in Male Infertility: Roles, Mechanisms, and Applications—A Double-Edged Sword

Abstract excerpt

Exosomes, which are membrane-bound vesicles with diameters of 30 to 150 nanometers, are secreted by nearly all cell types and serve as key mediators of intercellular communication. In the male reproductive system, exosomes originating from reproductive glands, including the testes, epididymis, and prostate, transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, thereby regulating sperm function, maturation, and...

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