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Dynamic macrophage phenotypes in autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

Nature reviews. Rheumatology - 1 Sept 2025

Cutolo Maurizio, Soldano Stefano, Smith Vanessa, Gotelli Emanuele, Hysa Elvis

Abstract excerpt

Macrophages regulate inflammatory and fibrotic processes in several autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases. They are highly plastic cells, shifting within a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic phenotypes in response to dynamic interactions with other cells, environmental factors and cytokine signatures. The terms 'M1 macrophages', or classically activated, and 'M2 macrophages',...

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PMID: 40721670
DOI: 10.1038/s41584-025-01279-w

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