Association between urinary heavy metal concentrations, thyroid hormones, and birth outcomes among pregnant women in Isfahan City

Abstract excerpt

Heavy metals are toxic elements that can have significant adverse effects on human health, particularly during vulnerable periods such as pregnancy. The presence of heavy metals in the environment can lead to increased exposure in pregnant women, which may adversely affect both maternal and neonatal health. This study investigates the relationship between heavy metal concentrations, thyroid hormones, and birth...

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