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Impact of PD‑L1 upregulation on immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in triple‑negative breast cancer using a 4T1 murine model

11 Jun 2025

Abstract excerpt

Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a lethal subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and limited existing treatment options. The immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti‑programmed death ligand 1 (PD‑L1), has recently emerged as a promising alternative in treating TNBC. PD‑L1 is critical in tumor immune evasion and is therefore a key target for cancer immunotherapy. Although anti‑PD‑L1 therapy is effective in...

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PMID: 40511536
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2025.5760

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