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Biomarkers of Progression Independent of Relapse Activity—Can We Actually Measure It Yet?

14 May 2025

Abstract excerpt

Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is increasingly recognized as a key driver of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the concept of PIRA remains elusive, with uncertainty surrounding its definition, underlying mechanisms, and methods of quantification. This review examines the current landscape of biomarkers used to predict and measure PIRA, focusing on clinical, imaging, and body...

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PMID: 40429847
DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104704

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