Developmental toxicity and skin sensitization potential of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and butylated hydroxytoluene transformation products: Insights from human embryonic stem cell models

Abstract excerpt

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are commonly used in food, cosmetics, and other products for their antioxidant properties and stability. However, increasing evidence links excessive SPA use to adverse effects, including developmental issues in animals. Given the widespread use of SPAs in cosmetics, there is a growing need to assess their potential health risks, particularly whether safe to be used during...

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