Partitioning variance in a signaling trade-off under sexual selection reveals among-individual covariance in trait allocation.

Abstract excerpt

Understanding the evolution of traits subject to trade-offs is challenging because phenotypes can (co)vary at both the among- and within-individual levels. Among-individual covariation indicates consistent, possibly genetic, differences in how individuals resolve the trade-off, while within-individual covariation indicates trait plasticity. There is also the potential for consistent among-individual differences...

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