Article
Defensive responses in invertebrates: Evolutionary and neural aspects.
Progress in brain research - 1 Jan 2022
Carli Giancarlo, Farabollini Francesca
Abstract excerpt
Lower invertebrates exhibit both morphological and behavioral defensive responses to aversive stimuli, characterized by withdrawal. Typical immobility responses are "sinking" in Rotifers and "crumpling" in Cnidaria. They also display individual adaptation and phenotypic plasticity but not tonic immobility (TI). The higher phyla with a more organized nervous system have developed morphological and behavioral...
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