Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments.

Abstract excerpt

The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency-dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such...

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