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Article

Fecal Bacteria Implicated in Biofilm Production Are Enriched and Associate to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With APECED - A Pilot Study.

Frontiers in immunology - 1 Jan 2021

Hetemäki Iivo, Jian Ching, Laakso Saila, Mäkitie Outi, Pajari Anne-Maria, de Vos Willem M, Arstila T Petteri, Salonen Anne

Abstract excerpt

Backgrounds and Aims: APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator gene. A significant proportion of patients also have gastrointestinal symptoms, including malabsorption, chronic diarrhea, and obstipation. The pathological background of the gastrointestinal symptoms remains incompletely understood and involves multiple factors, with autoimmunity being the most common...

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Identifiers

PMID: 34367134
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668219
PMCID: PMC8339580

Provenance

PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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