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Article

Two centuries of monarch butterfly collections reveal contrasting effects of range expansion and migration loss on wing traits.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - 17 Nov 2020

Freedman Micah G, Dingle Hugh, Strauss Sharon Y, Ramírez Santiago R

Abstract excerpt

Migratory animals exhibit traits that allow them to exploit seasonally variable habitats. In environments where migration is no longer beneficial, such as oceanic islands, migration-association traits may be selected against or be under relaxed selection. Monarch butterflies are best known for their continent-scale migration in North America but have repeatedly become established as nonmigrants in the tropical...

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Identifiers

PMID: 33139548
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001283117
PMCID: PMC7682565

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-08.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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