Gain with no pain? Pain management in dermatological photodynamic therapy.

Abstract excerpt

Pain during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the main limiting adverse effect in its use in dermatology. Given its multifactorial nature, we reviewed both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are involved in PDT pain. We propose a threshold theory for pain experience in PDT: it correlates positively with fluence rate and dose below a certain threshold (rate of ~60 mW cm-2 , dose of ~50 J cm-2 ); when the threshold...

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