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Article

"Hummingbird" floral traits interact synergistically to discourage visitation by bumble bee foragers.

Ecology - 1 Feb 2017

Gegear Robert J, Burns Rebecca, Swoboda-Bhattarai Katharine A

Abstract excerpt

Pollination syndromes are suites of floral traits presumed to reflect adaptations to attract and utilize a "primary" type of animal pollinator. However, syndrome traits may also function to deter "secondary" flower visitors that reduce plant fitness through their foraging activities. Here we use the hummingbird-pollinated plant species Mimulus cardinalis as a model to investigate the potential deterrent effects...

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PMID: 27864943
DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1661

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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