Population differentiation and restricted gene flow in Spanish crossbills: not isolation-by-distance but isolation-by-ecology.

Abstract excerpt

Divergent selection stemming from environmental variation may induce local adaptation and ecological speciation whereas gene flow might have a homogenizing effect. Gene flow among populations using different environments can be reduced by geographical distance (isolation-by-distance) or by divergent selection stemming from resource use (isolation-by-ecology). We tested for and encountered phenotypic and genetic...

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