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Article

Green-beard effect predicts the evolution of traitorousness in the two-tag Prisoner's dilemma.

Journal of theoretical biology - 7 Nov 2011

Laird Robert A

Abstract excerpt

Cooperation, a costly interaction in which individuals benefit one another, plays a crucial role in many of the major transitions of evolution. Yet, as illustrated by the Prisoner's dilemma, cooperative systems are fragile because cooperators can be exploited by defectors who reap the benefits of cooperation but do not reciprocate. This barrier to cooperation may be overcome if cooperators have a recognisable...

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Identifiers

PMID: 21821051
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.023

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 7 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-07.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 7 Sept 2026.

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