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Article

Male predominance in autism: neuroendocrine influences on arousal and social anxiety.

Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research - 1 Jun 2011

Pfaff Donald W, Rapin Isabelle, Goldman Sylvie

Abstract excerpt

We offer a neurobiologic theory based on animal work that helps account for the conspicuous male predominance in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In young male animals, testosterone (TST) binds to androgen receptors (AR) in brainstem neurons responsible for enhancing brain arousal. As a consequence, arousal-related neurotransmitters bombard the amygdala hypersensitized by TST acting though AR. Arousal-related...

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PMID: 21465671
DOI: 10.1002/aur.191

Genes

TST

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PubMed metadata and Literature Corpus relationships. Corpus snapshot updated 5 Sept 2026. Manifest publication-graph-cohort-2026-09-05.1.

Source receipt: pubmed, retrieved 5 Sept 2026.

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