Estimation of outcrossing rates at hierarchical levels of fruits, individuals, populations and species in Magnolia stellata.

Abstract excerpt

In plant species with mixed mating systems, differences in diverse factors-including their pollination system, flowering phenology, life form and susceptibility to inbreeding depression-cause variation in outcrossing rates among fruits within individuals, among individuals within populations and among populations within species. To quantify this hierarchical variation, we examined outcrossing rates at the seed...

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